General: |
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Name: Thorium
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Symbol: Th
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Group: Rare Earth, Actinides
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Atomic weight: 232.0381
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Density @ 293 K: 11.7 g/cm3
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Atomic volume: 19.9 cm3/mol
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Group: Rare Earth, Actinides
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discovered: 1829
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States: |
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state (s, l, g): s
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melting point: 2023.2 K
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boiling point: 5123 K
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Heat of fusion: 16.10 kJ/mol
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Heat of vaporization: 514.40 kJ/mol
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Energies: |
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1st ionization energy: 587 kJ/mole
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electronegativity: 1.3
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2nd ionization energy: 1110 kJ/mole
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electron affinity: kJ/mole
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3rd ionization energy: 1930 kJ/mole
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Specific heat: 0.12 J/gK
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heat atomization: 576 kJ/mole atoms
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Oxidation & Electrons: |
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Shells: 2,8,18,32,18,10,2
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electron configuration: [Rn] 6d2 7s2
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minimum oxidation number: 0
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maximum oxidation number: 4
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min. common oxidation no.: 0
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max. common oxidation no.: 4
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Appearance & Characteristics: |
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structure: fcc: face-centered cubic
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color: white
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uses: gas mantles (ThO2)
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toxicity:
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hardness: mohs
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characteristics: Radioactive
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Reactions: |
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reaction with air: mild, w/ht ignites =>ThO2
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reaction with 6M HCl: mild
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reaction with 6M HCl: mild
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reaction with 15M HNO3: passivated
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reaction with 6M NaOH: none
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Other Forms: |
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number of isotopes: 3
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hydride(s): ThH2 Th4H15
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oxide(s): ThO2
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chloride(s): ThCl4
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Radius: |
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ionic radius (2- ion): pm
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ionic radius (1- ion): pm
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atomic radius: 179 pm
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ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
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ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
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ionic radius (3+ ion): pm
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Conductivity: |
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thermal conductivity: 54 J/m-sec-deg
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electrical conductivity: 76.923 1/mohm-cm
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polarizability: 32.1 A^3
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Abundance: |
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source: Monazite(phosphate),U extractn
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rel. abund. solar system: -1.475 log
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abundance earth's crust: 1 log
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cost, pure: $/100g
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cost, bulk: $/100g
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