General: |
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Name: Ruthenium
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Symbol: Ru
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Group: Trans. Met.
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Atomic weight: 101.07
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Density @ 293 K: 12.2 g/cm3
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Atomic volume: 8.3 cm3/mol
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Group: Trans. Met.
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discovered: 1844
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States: |
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state (s, l, g): s
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melting point: 2583.2 K
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boiling point: 4323 K
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Heat of fusion: 24.0 kJ/mol
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Heat of vaporization: 595.0 kJ/mol
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Energies: |
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1st ionization energy: 711.1 kJ/mole
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electronegativity: 2.2
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2nd ionization energy: 1617.1 kJ/mole
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electron affinity: 101 kJ/mole
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3rd ionization energy: 2746.9 kJ/mole
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Specific heat: 0.238 J/gK
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heat atomization: 643 kJ/mole atoms
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Oxidation & Electrons: |
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Shells: 2,8,18,15,1
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electron configuration: [Kr] 4d7 5s1
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minimum oxidation number: -2
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maximum oxidation number: 8
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min. common oxidation no.: 0
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max. common oxidation no.: 4
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Appearance & Characteristics: |
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structure: hcp: hexagonal close pkd
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color: silvery-white
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uses: catalysts
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toxicity:
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hardness: 6.5 mohs
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characteristics: hard
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Reactions: |
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reaction with air: none below 800 deg.C
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reaction with 6M HCl: none
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reaction with 6M HCl: none
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reaction with 15M HNO3: none
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reaction with 6M NaOH:
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Other Forms: |
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number of isotopes: 7
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hydride(s): none
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oxide(s): RuO2 RuO4
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chloride(s): RuCl2 RuCl3
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Radius: |
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ionic radius (2- ion): pm
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ionic radius (1- ion): pm
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atomic radius: 134 pm
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ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
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ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
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ionic radius (3+ ion): 82 pm
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Conductivity: |
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thermal conductivity: 117 J/m-sec-deg
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electrical conductivity: 131.579 1/mohm-cm
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polarizability: 9.6 A^3
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Abundance: |
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source: nickel ores (sulfides)
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rel. abund. solar system: 0.270 log
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abundance earth's crust: -3 log
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cost, pure: 1400 $/100g
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cost, bulk: $/100g
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