General: |
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Name: Germanium
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Symbol: Ge
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Group: Metal, Carbon group
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Atomic weight: 72.59
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Density @ 293 K: 5.323 g/cm3
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Atomic volume: 13.6 cm3/mol
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Group: Metal, Carbon group
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discovered: 1886
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States: |
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state (s, l, g): s
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melting point: 1210.6 K
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boiling point: 3123 K
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Heat of fusion: 36.940 kJ/mol
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Heat of vaporization: 330.90 kJ/mol
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Energies: |
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1st ionization energy: 762.1 kJ/mole
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electronegativity: 2.01
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2nd ionization energy: 1537.4 kJ/mole
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electron affinity: 120 kJ/mole
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3rd ionization energy: 3301.7 kJ/mole
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Specific heat: 0.32 J/gK
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heat atomization: 377 kJ/mole atoms
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Oxidation & Electrons: |
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Shells: 2,8,18,4
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electron configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
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minimum oxidation number: -4
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maximum oxidation number: 4
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min. common oxidation no.: -4
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max. common oxidation no.: 4
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Appearance & Characteristics: |
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structure: diamond
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color: gray-black
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uses: transistor, wide-ang lens
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toxicity:
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hardness: mohs
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characteristics: semimetal, brittle
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Reactions: |
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reaction with air: mild, w/ht =>GeO2
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reaction with 6M HCl: none
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reaction with 6M HCl: none
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reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Ge(IV), NOx
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reaction with 6M NaOH: none
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Other Forms: |
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number of isotopes: 5
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hydride(s): GeH4 Ge2H6 + more
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oxide(s): GeO GeO2
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chloride(s): GeCl2 GeCl4
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Radius: |
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ionic radius (2- ion): pm
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ionic radius (1- ion): pm
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atomic radius: 122.3 pm
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ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
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ionic radius (2+ ion): 87 pm
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ionic radius (3+ ion): pm
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Conductivity: |
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thermal conductivity: 60.2 J/m-sec-deg
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electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm
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polarizability: 6.1 A^3
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Abundance: |
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source: Zn smelting by-product
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rel. abund. solar system: 2.076 log
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abundance earth's crust: 0.7 log
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cost, pure: 360 $/100g
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cost, bulk: $/100g
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