General: |
|
Name: Gadolinium
|
Symbol: Gd
|
|
Group: Rare Earth, Lanthanides
|
Atomic weight: 157.25
|
|
Density @ 293 K: 7.895 g/cm3
|
Atomic volume: 19.9 cm3/mol
|
|
Group: Rare Earth, Lanthanides
|
discovered: 1880
|
|
States: |
|
state (s, l, g): s
|
|
melting point: 1584.2 K
|
boiling point: 3273 K
|
|
Heat of fusion: 10.050 kJ/mol
|
Heat of vaporization: 359.40 kJ/mol
|
|
Energies: |
|
1st ionization energy: 592.6 kJ/mole
|
|
electronegativity: 1.17
|
2nd ionization energy: 1167 kJ/mole
|
|
electron affinity: 50 kJ/mole
|
3rd ionization energy: 1991 kJ/mole
|
|
Specific heat: 0.23 J/gK
|
heat atomization: 398 kJ/mole atoms
|
|
Oxidation & Electrons: |
|
Shells: 2,8,18,25,9,2
|
electron configuration: [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
|
|
minimum oxidation number: 0
|
maximum oxidation number: 3
|
|
min. common oxidation no.: 0
|
max. common oxidation no.: 3
|
|
Appearance & Characteristics: |
|
structure: hcp: hexagonal close pkd
|
color: silvery-white
|
|
uses: alloys, CD disk
|
toxicity:
|
|
hardness: mohs
|
characteristics:
|
|
Reactions: |
|
reaction with air: vigorous, =>Gd2O3
|
|
reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, GdCl3
|
reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, GdCl3
|
|
reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>Gd(NO3)3
|
reaction with 6M NaOH:
|
|
Other Forms: |
|
number of isotopes: 7
|
hydride(s): GdH2 GdH3
|
|
oxide(s): Gd2O3
|
chloride(s): GdCl3
|
|
Radius: |
|
ionic radius (2- ion): pm
|
ionic radius (1- ion): pm
|
|
atomic radius: 180 pm
|
ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
|
|
ionic radius (2+ ion): pm
|
ionic radius (3+ ion): 107.8 pm
|
|
Conductivity: |
|
thermal conductivity: 10.5 J/m-sec-deg
|
|
electrical conductivity: 7.9 1/mohm-cm
|
polarizability: 23.5 A^3
|
|
Abundance: |
|
source: Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite
|
|
rel. abund. solar system: -0.481 log
|
abundance earth's crust: 0.7 log
|
|
cost, pure: 191 $/100g
|
cost, bulk: $/100g
|
|
