General: |
|
Name: Nickel
|
Symbol: Ni
|
|
Group: Trans. Met.
|
Atomic weight: 58.71
|
|
Density @ 293 K: 8.90 g/cm3
|
Atomic volume: 6.59 cm3/mol
|
|
Group: Trans. Met.
|
discovered: 1751
|
|
States: |
|
state (s, l, g): s
|
|
melting point: 1726.2 K
|
boiling point: 3193 K
|
|
Heat of fusion: 17.470 kJ/mol
|
Heat of vaporization: 370.40 kJ/mol
|
|
Energies: |
|
1st ionization energy: 736.7 kJ/mole
|
|
electronegativity: 1.91
|
2nd ionization energy: 1752.9 kJ/mole
|
|
electron affinity: 111.5 kJ/mole
|
3rd ionization energy: 3393.4 kJ/mole
|
|
Specific heat: 0.44 J/gK
|
heat atomization: 430 kJ/mole atoms
|
|
Oxidation & Electrons: |
|
Shells: 2,8,16,2
|
electron configuration: [Ar] 3d8 4s2
|
|
minimum oxidation number: -1
|
maximum oxidation number: 4
|
|
min. common oxidation no.: 0
|
max. common oxidation no.: 2
|
|
Appearance & Characteristics: |
|
structure: fcc: face-centered cubic
|
color: silvery-white
|
|
uses: alloys, coins, batteries
|
toxicity: yes
|
|
hardness: mohs
|
characteristics: hard, takes a high polish
|
|
Reactions: |
|
reaction with air: mild, w/ht =>NiO
|
|
reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, NiCl2
|
reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>H2, NiCl2
|
|
reaction with 15M HNO3: passivated
|
reaction with 6M NaOH: none
|
|
Other Forms: |
|
number of isotopes: 5
|
hydride(s): NiH
|
|
oxide(s): NiO
|
chloride(s): NiCl2
|
|
Radius: |
|
ionic radius (2- ion): pm
|
ionic radius (1- ion): pm
|
|
atomic radius: 124 pm
|
ionic radius (1+ ion): pm
|
|
ionic radius (2+ ion): 83 pm
|
ionic radius (3+ ion): 72 pm
|
|
Conductivity: |
|
thermal conductivity: 90.9 J/m-sec-deg
|
|
electrical conductivity: 146.199 1/mohm-cm
|
polarizability: 6.8 A^3
|
|
Abundance: |
|
source: sulfides, oxide/silicates
|
|
rel. abund. solar system: 4.693 log
|
abundance earth's crust: 1.9 log
|
|
cost, pure: 7.7 $/100g
|
cost, bulk: 0.76 $/100g
|
|
